CASA Publications http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/latest/publications/index/rss An interdisciplinary research centre dealing with digital technologies in geography, space & the built environment. admin 2011-10-04T09:12:17Z CASA Working Paper 182 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-182 Modelling maritine piracy: a spatial approach This paper presents an initial demonstration of a model to generate dynamic patterns of maritime piracy. Model details, outputs and a method for assessing the goodness of fit of model outcomes are presented. The model presented here is a tool to produce dynamic maritime piracy risk maps. The Gulf of Aden is considered as a case study, and data on pirates attacks, vessels routes and flows through the Gulf of Aden in the year 2010 are used to build and calibrate the model. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 181 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-181 Estimating flows between geographical locations: ‘get me started in’ spatial interaction Modelling In geography and demography, understanding the flows of people, goods or capital between origins and destinations is an enduring challenge. Spatial interaction models have been used for a long time to analyse these flows and to create estimates where data are missing or inaccurate. But implementing spatial interaction models can be a challenge, especially where very few pedagogic guides exist and much of the literature is concerned either with rigorous mathematical derivation of the equations or the results of their application. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 180 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-180 A mathematical challenge: the centre size distribution in a dynamic retail model The standard retail model can be constructed as follows (cf. Wilson, 1970). Let {Sij} be a matrix of money flows from residents in each zone i to retail centres in each zone j. Let ei be the per capita expenditure in i and Pi the population, so that eiPi is the total retail expenditure leaving i. Let cij be transport costs as before with C as the total transport expenditure. Suppose residents gain a benefit from using centres of a particular size that is proportional to logWj, say, where Wj is the size in floor space of centre j. Let X be the total of such benefits. Then we can maximise an entropy function subject to the constraints that represent our knowledge of the system. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 179 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-179 Planning the evolution of the transport network for a region of Naples The continuing growth of urban regions coupled with their strong interactions with transportation systems places great emphasis on the co-evolution of these systems. In this paper an example of the use of a model of evolution within a network planning context is presented. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 178 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-178 A dynamic global trade model with four sectors: food, natural resources, manufactured goods and labour. An important and long-standing research task is the building of a model of international trade flows, anchored in a model of national economies. A demonstration model is presented which aims to exhibit the principal phenomena of the real system. Existing trade models, such as the Heckscher-Ohlin model, make certain kinds of simplifying assumptions, such as equal production functions and wages across all countries. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 177 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-177 Simulating the Spatial Distribution of Employment in Large Cities: with Applications to Greater London . In this chapter, we first review the development of employment location models as they have been developed for integrated models of land use transportation interaction (LUTI) where the focus is on the allocation of population and employment. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 176 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-176 Calibrating Cellular Automata Models for Simulating Urban Growth: Comparative Analysis of SLEUTH and Metronamica For almost two decades, cellular automata (CA) has proven to be a popular and sometimes effective modeling approach to the study of complex urban systems. Not only as a new methods for predictive simulation but also as a practical policy support tool, CA models have been applied to a large collection of diverse urban regions which now provide a good basis for comparative analysis. After sketching some basic ideas about how CA models can be applied to urban systems, we describe and then calibrate two well known and widely applied CA models, SLEUTH and Metronamica, to simulate the future urban growth of the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea. This is for the express purpose of generating the impacts of practical planning policies on the study area and of conducting comparative explorations of these CA models themselves. The results confirm the value of CA which provides a rich exploratory of knowledge for investigating dynamic urban growth systems and for evaluating the impacts of possible policy options. Moreover, the concurrent use of two generic CA models provides certain insights in the use and development of CA urban models in general and these two models in particular. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 175 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-175 A multi-level spatial interaction modelling framework for estimating interregional migration in Europe This paper presents a new spatial interaction modelling framework for  estimating sub-national, international migration flows. A new family of models is introduced and exemplified for a sample system before issues of parameter calibration and model inputs are discussed using examples from Europe. Sub-optimum models are used to explore model assumptions and the accuracy of flow predictions across the European system, before we present the results of the optimum model and exemplify some  important inter-regional flows which emerge from the model predictions. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Helen C Goodwin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 174 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-174 CensusProfiler - Creating accessible Geovisualizations of the Census of Population This paper describes the outcome of the Census Geographic Visualization (Censusgiv) research project; a web prototype that offers significant geographic visualizations of the most significant Census outputs termed 'CensusProfiler' (www.censusprofiler.org). This website is accessible by any member of the general public and is focused on exploring Census data geographically with very easy navigability, based on open-source software for mapping mashups. There is a gap in the dissemination of Census outputs through meaningful geographic visualizations, within and outside the research community. Local government bodies, health authorities, NGOs and the general public are demanding this type of easily accessible geographic visualizations of the Census that are not sufficiently addressed by current 2001 Census websites. This research project renders visualization methods, Census data and intuitive mapping easily accessible to the social science research community and effects knowledge transfer to local government and public services, as well as to a lay audience, through an interactive web-based geographic visualization. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. Sonja Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 173 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-173 Cooperation in container shipping: A small world network of agreements . The recent economic downturn has increased the need for cooperation among carriers in the container shipping industry. We introduce in this work a  network analysis to investigate the topology and hierarchical structure of inter-carrier relationships. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 172 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-172 Shipping as a complex adaptive system: A new approach in understanding international trade If we consider worldwide maritime shipping as a system, we observe that a large number of independent rational agents play a role in achieving predominant positions and in increasing market share: port authorities, shipping service providers, shipping companies and commodity producers. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 171 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-171 Introducing space to mathematical models of conflict Dynamic ecological models of interacting populations have been used extensively to investigate conflict between adversaries. Common examples include the Lotka-Volterra equations for predator-prey relationships,  Lanchester equations for direct combat and Richardson equations for arms races and conflict escalation. Modelling the evolution of conflict is of value to military strategists as well as to policy-makers: the former may develop very detailed models which include extensive considerations of terrain, available resources and specific short-term objectives, while the latter may be interested in identifying mechanisms that may lead to conflict, strategies for achieving long-term objectives, or highlighting areas or people that may be at risk of impending conflict. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 170 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-170 Building a Science of Cities Our understanding of cities is being transformed by new approaches from the complexity sciences (Batty, 2005). Here we review progress, sketching the background beginning with the systems approach which treated systems as being organised from the top down to that which now dominates where systems are treated as evolving from the bottom up. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z CASA Working Paper 169 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-169 The Evolution of Hierarchical Transport Networks: A Demonstration Model In order to take further the task of modelling the evolution of transport networks, the notion of an explicitly hierarchical dynamic model is introduced. This is developed first in the (simpler) retail context and then applied through a demonstration model to the evolution of transport networks. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-23T10:12:58Z Digital Geography: Geographic Visualisation for Urban Environments http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/digital-geography Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-06T16:02:17Z Studies in Temporal Urbanism: The urbanTick Experiment http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/urbantick The table of contents: Introduction / Temporal Urban - Cycle Study as Basis of Adaptive Urbanism / urbanMachine / Memory: Collective vs. Individual Narratives / timeSpace / Body, Space and Maps / bodySpace / Urban Narratives of Time Images or the Drift of Alienation / urbanNarrative / Mental Maps: The Expression of Memories and Meanings / Location Information / From UrbanTick to UrbanDiary / UrbanDiary / Footprints, a Regeneration Process / Review / Bibliography / Index. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin 2011-10-04T09:16:29Z Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models and Fractals http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/cities_complex As urban planning moves from a centralized, top-down approach to a decentralized, bottom-up perspective, our conception of urban systems is changing. In Cities and Complexity, Michael Batty offers a comprehensive view of urban dynamics in the context of complexity theory, presenting models that demonstrate how complexity theory can embrace a myriad of processes and elements that combine into organic wholes. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-04T09:16:29Z Virtual Geographic Environments http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/Virtual_Geographic_Environments Virtual Geographic Environments, edited by Hui Lin and Michael Batty, collects key papers that define the current momentum in GIS and "virtual geographies." Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-04T09:16:29Z Knowledge Power: Interdisciplinary education for a complex world http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/KnowledgePower Success in the twenty-first century demands knowledge power - for individuals, organizations, cities, regions and countries. This book offers a map showing the structure of the knowledge space in a contemporary context. The routes beyond traditional disciplines are charted, in part based on the notions of superconcepts and superproblems. There are major implications for the development of educations systems, particularly for universities but also for all employers as they seek to ensure that their organizations have the requisite knowledge to meet future challenges. In many instances, radical change is called for. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-04T09:16:29Z Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/ABMofGS This unique book brings together a comprehensive set of papers on the background, theory, technical issues and applications of agent-based modelling (ABM) within geo-graphical systems. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Curtis 2011-10-04T09:16:29Z CASA Working Paper 168 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-168 The Humanities and Social Sciences in a Technological Age The first task is to assert the core values of the humanities and the social sciences and then to explore the challenges and opportunities for these disciplines in a technological age. It is argued that progress will be enhanced through interdisciplinarity. What does the technological age offer these disciplines? Certainly, a new kind of society to understand; but, directly, computing power and the internet. These offer unprecedented access to data - both contemporary and archival - and so new research opportunities together with the challenge of inventing search engines that maximise these opportunities. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:20:00Z CASA Working Paper 167 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-167 A Note on the Bass Model Applied to Retail Dynamics There are two variants of the retail model which are usual considered as distinct alternatives. A model developed by Bass which is widely applied in the diffusion literature indicates how these two approaches might be fruitfully combined. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:19:39Z CASA Working Paper 166 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-166 A Generic Framework for Computational Spatial Modelling In this paper, we develop a generic framework for comparing spatial models whose dynamics ranges from comparative static equilibrium structures to fully dynamic models. In the last 40 years, a variety of spatial models have been suggested. Until the mid 1980s, most models were static in structure and tended to embrace detailed mechanisms involving spatial economics and social physics. Typical examples were Land Use Transportation Interaction (LUTI) models that embraced theories of spatial interaction and discrete choice modelling. During this earlier period, the problems of making these models dynamic and more disaggregate was broached but progress was slow largely because of problems in collecting requisite data and problems of increasing the complexity of such models to the point where they could be properly validated in traditional ways. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:19:21Z CASA Working Paper 165 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-165 Modeling Urban Growth: An Agent Based Microeconomic Approach to Urban Dynamics and Spatial Policy Simulation Spatially explicit and dynamic urban growth models provide valuable simulations that encapsulate essential knowledge in planning and policy making such as how and where urban growth can occur and what the driving forces of such changes are. Agent Based Modeling (ABM) yields a useful framework for understanding complex urban systems and provides an arena for exploring the possible outcome states of various policy actions. Yet most research efforts of this sort adopt physical and heuristic approaches which tend to neglect socio-economic dynamics which is critical in shaping urban form and its transformation. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:19:03Z CASA Working Paper 164 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-164 Visually-Driven Urban Simulation: Exploring Fast and Slow Change in Residential Location We are developing a large scale residential location model of the Greater London region in which all stages of the model-building process from data input, analysis through calibration to prediction are rapid to execute while presenting both the structure of the model and the region to which it has been applied in the most visually accessible and immediate fashion. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:18:42Z CASA Working Paper 163 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-163 Visually-Intelligible Land Use Transportation Models for the Rapid Assessment of Urban Futures We are building a series of fast, visually accessible cross-sectional, hence static urban models for large metropolitan areas that will enable us to rapidly test many different scenarios pertaining to both short and long term urban futures. We call this framework SIMULACRA which is a forum for developing many different model variants which can be finely tuned to different problem contexts and future scenarios. The models are multi-sector, dealing with residential, retail/service and employment location, are highly disaggregate and subject to constraints on land availability and transport capacities. They have an explicit urban economic focus around transport costs, incomes and house prices and thus encapsulate simple market clearing mechanisms. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:18:18Z CASA Working Paper 162 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-162 Geddes' Grand Theory: Life, Evolution, Social Union and the 'Great Transition' We argue here that Patrick Geddes had a consistent and integrated 'grand theory' which underpinned his ideas on biology, sociology and town planning. This 'grand theory' combined a theory of life with a neovitalistic interpretation of evolution, which emphasised co-operation and social union, and implied the idea of a 'Great Transition' that Geddes believed would ultimately transform human society, the latest in a line of transitions over evolutionary history. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:17:59Z CASA Working Paper 161 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-161 Building 3D Agent-Based Models for Urban Systems There is a growing interest in relating agent-based models to real- world locations by combining them with geographical information systems (GIS) which can be seen with the proliferation of geosimulation models in recent years. This coincides with the proliferation of digital data both in the two and three dimensions allowing one to construct detailed and extensive feature rich and highly visual 3D city models. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:17:42Z CASA Working Paper 160 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-160 Using Geo-spatial Agent-Based Models for Studying Cities The agent-based modelling (ABM) paradigm provides a mechanism for understanding the effects of interactions of individuals and through such interactions emergent structures develop, both in the social and physical environment of cities. This paper explores how through the use of ABM, and its linkage with complexity theory, allows one to create agent-based models for the studying cities from the bottom-up. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:17:25Z CASA Working Paper 159 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-159 A general Richardson-Lotka- Volterra-reaction diffusion model A general model is proposed that embraces the separate models - developed in the different traditions of politics and ecology - of Richardson and Lotka and Volterra. This formulation is shown, with suitable definitions of the 'coefficients' to embrace, among others, the Harris- Wilson dynamic retail model and the Bass model. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:17:05Z CASA Working Paper 158 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-158 Exploring the possibility-cone of urban development It is well known that urban systems are complex and nonlinear and exhibit properties of multiple equilibria and path dependence. This makes model-based forecasting in a conventional sense impossible. In this paper we explore how to achieve a deeper understanding of path dependence by constructing a 'possibility cone' - an envelope that contains feasible possible futures for a given urban system; and then exploring the consequences of this analysis for planning. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:16:49Z CASA Working Paper 157 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-157 Exploring the Historical Determinants of Urban Growth through Cellular Automata The model presented here is an attempt to bridge a widening gap between theoretical and empirical models of urban growth. It explores a specific theoretical assumption regarding the spatial determinants of land use patterns grounded in detailed empirical data which document the historical growth of West London at an unusually high level of spatial and temporal resolution. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:16:29Z CASA Working Paper 156 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-156 Thermodynamic Potentials and Phase Change for Transport Systems 'Thermodynamics of the City' (Wilson 2008) poses the question, in relation to the doubly constrained trip distribution model - What is Z?- where Z is the partition function. To answer this question the entropy maximising procedure of Jaynes(1957) is employed, the partition function derived and expressions given for Helmholtz free energy, for more general free energies and for specific heat. Phase changes are identified using these measures. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:16:11Z CASA Working Paper 155 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-155 From Buildings to Cities: Techniques for the Multi-Scale Analysis of Urban Form and Function The built environment is a significant factor in many urban processes, yet direct measures of built form are seldom used in geographical studies. Representation and analysis of urban form and function could provide new insights and improve the evidence base for research. So far progress has been slow due to limited data availability, computational demands, and a lack of methods to integrate built environment data with aggregate geographical analysis. Spatial data and computational improvements are overcoming some of these problems, but there remains a need for techniques to process and aggregate urban form data. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:15:54Z CASA Working Paper 154 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-154 Space, Scale, and Scaling in Entropy-Maximising Entropy measures were first introduced into geographical analysis during a period when the concept of human systems as being in some sort of equilibrium was in the ascendancy. In particular, entropy-maximising, in direct analogy to equilibrium statistical mechanics, provided a powerful framework in which to generate location and interaction models. This was introduced and popularised by Wilson (1970) and it led to many different extensions that filled in the framework rather than progressed it to different kinds of models. In particular, we review two such extensions here: how space can be introduced into the formulation through defining a 'spatial entropy' and how entropy can be decomposed and nested to capture spatial variation at different scales. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:15:33Z CASA Working Paper 153 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-153 Developing Efficient Web-based GIS Applications There is an increase in the number of web-based GIS applications over the recent years. This paper describes different mapping technologies, database standards, and web application development standards that are relevant to the development of web-based GIS applications. Different mapping technologies for displaying geo-referenced data are available and can be used in different situations. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:15:07Z CASA Working Paper 152 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-152 Visualising Space-Time Dynamics in Scaling Systems The signature of scaling in human systems is the well-known power law whose key characteristic is that the size distributions of the elements or objects that comprise such systems, display self-similarity in space and time. In fact, in many of the systems such as cities, firms, and high buildings which we use as examples, power laws represent an approximation to the fat or heavy tails of their rank-size distributions, appearing to be stable in time showing little sign of changes in their scaling over tens or even hundreds of years. However when we examine the detailed dynamics of how their ranks shift in time, there is considerable volatility with the objects in such distributions not often persisting for longer than about 50-100 years. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:14:50Z CASA Working Paper 151 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-151 UrbanDiary - A Tracking Project This working paper investigates aspects of time in an urban environment, specifically the cycles and routines of everyday life in the city. As part of the UrbanDiary project (urbantick.blogspot.com), we explore a preliminary study to trace citizen's spatial habits in individual movement utilising GPS devices with the aim of capturing the beat and rhythm of the city. The data collected includes time and location, to visualise individual activity, along with a series of personal statements on how individuals 'use' and experience the city. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:14:26Z CASA Working Paper 150 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-150 Choice and the composition of general practice patient registers Choice of general practice (GP) in the National Health Service (NHS), the UKs universal healthcare service, is a core element in the current trajectory of NHS policy. This paper uses an accessibilitybased approach to investigate the pattern of patient choice that exists for GPs in the London Borough of Southwark. Using a spatial model of GP accessibility it is shown that particular population groups make non-accessibility based decisions when choosing a GP. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:14:06Z CASA Working Paper 149 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-149 Family Names as Indicators of Britain's Changing Regional Geography In recent years the geography of surnames has become increasingly researched in genetics, epidemiology, linguistics and geography. Surnames provide a useful data source for the analysis of population structure, migrations, genetic relationships and levels of cultural diffusion and interaction between communities. The Worldnames database (www.publicprofiler.org/worldnames) of 300 million people from 26 countries georeferenced in many cases to the equivalent of UK Postcode level provides a rich source of surname data. This work has focused on the UK component of this dataset, that is the 2001 Enhanced Electoral Role, georeferenced to Output Area level. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:13:48Z CASA Working Paper 148 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-148 3D cities and numerical weather prediction models: An overview of the methods used in the LUCID project Transferring spatial data between different types of spatial models is often a much trickier process than GIS professionals would like to admit. This is further complicated if the models were generated for very different purposes and at different levels of spatial granularity and using different spatial projections. This is the case when you try to couple Ordnance Survey Mastermap data (which is at a 1:1,250 scale) with a numerical weather prediction model (NWP), (which until this project was based upon a grid of around 4km per grid cell). To achieve this, some new methods were developed to generate data for a localised NWP model at a 1000m and a 250m grid for the UK Meteorological Office as part of the LUCID project (the development of a Local Urban Climate Model and its Application to the Intelligent Development of Cities). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:13:30Z CASA Working Paper 147 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-147 Virtual Geodemographics: Repositioning Area Classification for Online and Offline Spaces Computer mediated communication and the Internet has fundamentally changed how consumers and producers connect and interact across both real space, and has also opened up new opportunities in virtual spaces. This paper describes how technologies capable of locating and sorting networked communities of geographically disparate individuals within virtual communities present a sea change in the conception, representation and analysis of socioeconomic distributions through geodemographic analysis. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:13:13Z CASA Working Paper 146 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-146 Random planar graphs and the London street network In this paper we analyse the street network of London both in its primary and dual representation. To understand its properties, we consider three idealised models based on a grid, a static random planar graph and a growing random planar graph. Comparing the models and the street network, we find that the streets of London form a self-organising system whose growth is characterised by a strict interaction between the metrical and informational space. In particular, a principle of least effort appears to create a balance between the physical and the mental effort required to navigate the city. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:12:55Z CASA Working Paper 145 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-145 Social Deprivation and Digital Exclusion in England Issues of digital exclusion are now increasingly considered alongside those of material deprivation when formulating interventions in neighbourhood renewal and other local policy interventions in health, policing and education. In this context, this paper develops a cross classification of material deprivation and lack of digital engagement, at a far more spatially disaggregate level than has previously been attempted. This is achieved my matching the well known 2004 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) with a unique nationwide geodemographic classification of access and use of new information and communications technologies (ICTs), aggregated to the unit postcode scale. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:12:29Z CASA Working Paper 144 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-144 Analyzing Urban Sprawl Patterns Through Fractal Geometry: The Case of Istanbul Metropolitan Area Over the last decade, there has been a rapid increase in the amount of literature on the measurement of urban sprawl. Density gradients, sprawl indexes which are based on a series of measurable indicators and certain simulation techniques are some quantitative approaches used in previous studies. Recently, fractal analysis has been used in analyzing urban areas and a fractal theory of cities has been proposed. This study attempts to measure urban sprawl using a sprawl index and analyses urban form through fractal analysis for characterizing urban sprawl in Istanbul which has not been measured or characterized yet. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:12:12Z CASA Working Paper 143 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-143 Mapping for the Masses: Accessing Web 2.0 through Crowdsourcing We first develop the network paradigm that is currently dominating the way we think about the internet and introduce varieties of social networking that are being fashioned in interactive web environments. This serves to ground our arguments about Web 2.0 technologies. These constitute ways in which users of web-based services can take on the role of producers as well as consumers of information that derive from such services with sharing becoming a dominant mode of adding value to such data. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:11:25Z CASA Working Paper 142 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-142 The Renaissance of Geographic Information: Neogeography, Gaming and Second Life Web 2.0, specifically The Cloud, GeoWeb and Wikitecture are revolutionising the way in which we present, share and analyse geographic data. In this paper we outline and provide working examples a suite of tools which are detailed below, aimed at developing new applications of GIS and related technologies. GeoVUE is one of seven nodes in the National Centre for e-Social Science whose mission it is to develop web-based technologies for the social and geographical sciences. The Node, based at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London has developed a suite of free software allowing quick and easy visualisation of geographic data in systems such as Google Maps, Google Earth, Crysis and Second Life. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:11:00Z CASA Working Paper 141 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-141 Phase transitions in urban evolution Phase transitions in statistical mechanics are compared with discrete changes in the evolution of cities and regions. It is argued that these changes do have the character of phase transitions. The range of such transitions in urban and regional evolution is explored. The corresponding mechanisms in urban and regional models are then investigated. The significance of the existence of phase transitions for the planning cities and regions is then considered. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:10:44Z CASA Working Paper 140 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-140 Exploring urban retail phase transitions - 1: an analysis system A key area in the analysis of the evolution of urban structure through  modelling is identifying phase transitions. At these critical points, the structure changes radically. In planning terms, effective analysis would allow us to work towards or away such transitions depending on whether it was a beneficial or detrimental change. A simple aggregate retail model is used here to illustrate the argument. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:10:25Z CASA Working Paper 139 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-139 Macro and Micro Dynamics of City Size Distributions: The Case of Israel We study the distribution of sizes in the Israeli system of cities, using a rank-size representation of population distributions from 1950 to 2005. Based on a multiplicative model of proportionate growth, we develop a quantitative comparison relating the change in the rank-size curves to the change in the real data of Israeli cities during this period. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:10:08Z CASA Working Paper 138 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-138 Geddes at UCL "There was something more in town planning than met the eye!" Patrick Geddes was at UCL from 1877 to 1878 although as a student of physiology, not as the 'father of British Town Planning' as he was to become. We explore his time here and the links he had both back to Charles Darwin and forward to Patrick Abercrombie. This is part of our wider quest to assess the impact of Geddes on evolutionary theory in the study of cities and planning of which we plan a more substantial paper which we will, in due course, post on this web site. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:09:52Z CASA Working Paper 137 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-137 The 'thermodynamics' of the city The methods of statistical mechanics have been successfully applied in urban modelling and there has been some attempt at the interpretation of the results in terms of 'thermodynamics'. The aim of this paper is to seek to review these interpretations more systematically, to seek new insights and to chart a programme of future research which would be facilitated by the bringing together of interdisciplinary teams. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:09:35Z CASA Working Paper 136 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-136 Modifying a Geodemographic Classification of the e-Society using public feedback The e-Society geodemographic classification (Longley et al., 2008) categories neighbourhoods based on their engagement with new information communication technologies. This classification was launched online in 2006, and allowed users to both view and comment on the accuracy of their assigned neighbourhood Type. This paper utilises the user generated feedback on the accuracy of the e-Society classification and through external validation calculates their accuracy. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:09:19Z CASA Working Paper 135 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-135 Evolution and turnover in scaling systems Scaling has been discovered in the long tails of size distributions characterizing a variety of diverse systems, many of which evolve in terms of the size of their components through competition. Such time-invariant macro distributions, however, often obscure the micro-dynamics of change, such as continual turnover in the rank order of the constituents. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:09:03Z CASA Working Paper 134 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-134 Creating Open Source Geodemographic Classifications for Higher Education Applications This paper explores the use of geodemographic classifications to investigate the social, economic and spatial dimensions of participation in higher education. Education is a public service that confers very significant and tangible benefits upon receiving individuals: as such, we argue that understanding the geodemography of educational opportunity requires an application-specific classification, that exploits under-used educational data sources. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:08:46Z CASA Working Paper 133 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-133 Constructing and Implementing an Agent-Based Model of Residential Segregation through Vector GIS In this paper, we present a geographically explicit agent-based model, loosely coupled with vector GIS, which explicitly captures and uses geometrical data and socio economic attributes in the simulation process. The ability to represent the urban environment as a series of points, line and polygons not only allows one to represent a range of different sized features such as houses or larger areas portrayed as the urban environment but is a move away from many agent-based models utilising GIS which are rooted in grid-based structures. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:08:30Z CASA Working Paper 132 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-132 Collaborative Mapping of London Using Google Maps: The LondonProfiler This paper begins by reviewing the ways in which the innovation of Google Maps has transformed our ability to reference and view geographically referenced data. We describe the ways in which the GMap Creator tool developed under the ESRC National Centre for E Social Science programme enables users to 'mashup' thematic choropleth maps using the Google API. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:08:11Z CASA Working Paper 131 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-131 Cities as Complex Systems: Scaling, Interactions, Networks, Dynamics and Urban Morphologies Cities have been treated as systems for fifty year but only in the last two decades has the focus changed from aggregate equilibrium systems to more evolving systems whose structure merges from the bottom up. We first outline the rudiments of the traditional approach focusing on equilibrium and then discuss how the paradigm has changed to one which treats cities as emergent phenomena generated through a combination of hierarchical levels of decision, driven in decentralized fashion. This is consistent with the complexity sciences which dominate the simulation of urban form and function. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:07:53Z CASA Working Paper 130 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-130 Urban and regional dynamics - 3: 'DNA' and 'genes' as a basis for constructing a typology of areas This is the third paper in a series on urban and regional dynamics. They are intended to lay the basis for a future research programme. In the first paper, Wilson (2008-A), a core model was presented which can be used to demonstrate the consequences of interdependencies in the evolution of urban and regional systems. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:07:37Z CASA Working Paper 129 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-129 Urban and regional dynamics - 2: an hierarchical model of interacting regions It is argued that there are at least four distinct levels at which it is appropriate to build urban and regional models, and that these are then linked. Two archetypal models are presented - at very coarse aggregated scales to illustrate the idea - one, regional, appropriate to the top three levels, in section 2, one appropriate for the lower urban level in section 3. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:07:22Z CASA Working Paper 128 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-128 Urban and regional dynamics - 1: a core model It is generally recognised that there are important interdependencies that govern the development of urban and regional systems and that these can in principle be captured through the building of appropriate models. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:07:04Z CASA Working Paper 127 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-127 Comparing Classifications: Some Preliminary Speculations on an Appropriate Scale for Neighbourhood Analysis with Reference to Geodemographic Information Systems Geodemographic classifications represent the multidimensional socio?economic characteristics of people living within defined areas. They have been successfully applied in both private and public sector applications across a range of industries since the 1970s. In UK geodemographic classifications, neighbourhoods are predominantly defined using a full postcode or the 2001 Census Output Areas. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:06:46Z CASA Working Paper 126 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-126 Scaling and Allometry in the Building Geometries of Greater London Many aggregate distributions of urban activities such as city sizes reveal scaling but hardly any work exists on the properties of spatial distributions within individual cities, notwithstanding considerable progress on their fractal structure. We redress this here by examining scaling relationships in a world city using data on the geometric properties of individual buildings. We first outline Gibrat's (1931) model which gives rise to lognormal distributions and show how we use power laws to approximate their form. We illustrate this for population densities in Greater London and we then extend this analysis to allometric relationships between buildings in terms of their different geometric size properties. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:06:30Z CASA Working Paper 125 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-125 Virtual Cities: Digital Mirrors into a Recursive World Digital cities are moving well beyond their original conceptions as entities representing the way computers and communications are hard wired into the fabric of the city itself or as being embodied in software so the real city might be manipulated in silico for professional purposes. As cities have become more 'computable', capable of manipulation through their digital content, large areas of social life are migrating to the web, becoming online so-tospeak. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:06:14Z CASA Working Paper 124 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-124 Digital Urban - The Visual City Nothing in the city is experienced by itself for a city's perspicacity is the sum of its surroundings. To paraphrase Lynch (1960), at every instant, there is more than we can see and hear. This is the reality of the physical city, and thus in order to replicate the visual experience of the city within digital space, the space itself must convey to the user a sense of place. This is what we term the 'Visual City', a visually recognisable city built out of the digital equivalent of bricks and mortar, polygons, textures, and most importantly data. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:05:55Z CASA Working Paper 123 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-123 The Repast Simulation/Modelling System for Geospatial Simulation The use of simulation/modelling systems can simplify the implementation of agent-based models. Repast is one of the few simulation/modelling software systems that supports the integration of geospatial data especially that of vector-based geometries. This paper provides details about Repast specifically an overview, including its different development languages available to develop agent-based models. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:05:39Z CASA Working Paper 122 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-122 Planning Support Systems: Progress, Predictions, and Speculations on the Shape of Things to Come In this paper, we review the brief history of planning support systems, sketching the way both the fields of planning and the software that supports and informs various planning tasks have fragmented and diversified. This is due to many forces which range from changing conceptions of what planning is for and who should be involved, to the rapid dissemination of computers and their software, set against the general quest to build ever more generalized software products applicable to as many activities as possible. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:05:21Z CASA Working Paper 121 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-121 Key Challenges in Agent-Based Modelling for Geo-Spatial Simulation Agent-based modelling (ABM) is fast becoming the dominant paradigm in social simulation due primarily to a worldview that suggests that complex systems emerge from the bottom-up, are highly decentralised, and are composed of a multitude of heterogeneous objects called agents. These agents act with some purpose and their interaction, usually through time and space, generates emergent order, often at higher levels than those at which such agents operate. ABM however raises as many challenges as it seeks to resolve. It is the purpose of this paper to catalogue these challenges and to illustrate them using three somewhat different agent-based models applied to city systems. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:04:55Z CASA Working Paper 120 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-120 Public Domain GIS, Mapping & Imaging Using Web-based Services In this paper, we outline a series of related applications and a web service designed to enable non-expert users to develop online visualizations which are essentially map-based. In the last five years, public domain GIS (geographic information systems) software for map display and beyond has become available for non-expert users in the public domain, the best examples being the various products from Google such as Google Maps and Google Earth. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:04:37Z CASA Working Paper 119 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-119 Socioeconomic Networks with Long-Range Interactions In well networked communities, information is often shared informally among an individual's direct and indirect acquaintances. Here we study a modified version of a model previously proposed by Jackson and Wolinsky to account for communicating information and allocating goods in socioeconomic networks. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:04:19Z CASA Working Paper 118 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-118 Setting Children Free: Children's Independent Movement in the Local Environment Parental concerns about children's safety and security are restricting children's independent exploration of the local environment. Children are being denied important opportunities to exercise, to acquire decision-making skills, such as crossing the road safely, and to develop social skills through interaction with their peers. This paper presents findings from the project CAPABLE (Children's Activities, Perceptions And Behaviour in the Local Environment) being carried out at University College London. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:04:01Z CASA Working Paper 117 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-117 Complexity in City Systems: Understanding, Evolution, and Design As we learn more about the world and reflect on its meaning, an overwhelming sense of inadequacy in our ability to both understand and change it has developed. In many disciplines, the idea of 'complexity' as a coherent perspective for organising our knowledge has come to the fore. These 'complexity sciences' first evolved from ideas associated with dynamic systems through ideas about chaos, nonlinearity, disruptive technologies, emergence and surprise. Recently they have begun to infuse areas as diverse as postmodernism and management. Cities and planning have not escaped this force, indeed in some respects they are in the vanguard of these developments. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:03:40Z CASA Working Paper 116 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-116 The Cultural, Ethnic and Linguistic Classification of Populations and Neighbourhoods using Personal Names There are growing needs to understand the nature and detailed composition of ethnic groups in today's increasingly multicultural societies. Ethnicity classifications are often hotly contested, but still greater problems arise from the quality and availability of classifications, with knock on consequences for our ability meaningfully to subdivide populations. Name analysis and classification has been proposed as one efficient method of achieving such subdivisions in the absence of ethnicity data, and may be especially pertinent to public health and demographic applications. However, previous approaches to name analysis have been designed to identify one or a small number of ethnic minorities, and not complete populations. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:03:16Z CASA Working Paper 115 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-115 Guidelines for Assessing Pedestrian Evacuation Software Applications This paper serves to clearly identify and explain criteria to consider when evaluating the suitability of a pedestrian evacuation software application to assess the evacuation process of a building. Guidelines in the form of nine topic areas identify different modelling approaches adopted, as well as features / functionality provided by applications designed specifically for simulating the egress of pedestrians from inside a building. The paper concludes with a synopsis of these guidelines, identifying key questions (by topic area) to found an evaluation. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:02:56Z CASA Working Paper 114 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-114 Psychosocial implications of blindness and low-vision This article discusses several aspects of psychosocial adjustment to blindness and low-vision and proposes that the education of both the self and society are essential for positive adjustment. It exposes some of the general misunderstandings about visual impairment and demonstrates how these are partly responsible for the perpetuation of myths and misconceptions regarding the character and abilities of this population. It argues that confidence and self-esteem are deeply connected to ability and should be regarded as constructive elements of the ego usually manifested in different types of introverted or extroverted behaviour. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:02:37Z CASA Working Paper 113 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-113 Model Cities The term 'model' is now central to our thinking about how we understand and design cities. We suggest a variety of ways in which we use 'models', linking these ideas to Abercrombie's exposition of Town and Country Planning which represented the state of the art fifty years ago. Here we focus on using models as physical representations of the city, tracing the development of symbolic models where the focus is on simulating how function generates form, to iconic models where the focus is on representing the geometry of form in both two and three dimensions. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:02:04Z CASA Working Paper 112 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-112 Visualizing Creative Destruction We introduce a series of methods for visualizing the dynamics of firm size as indicative of the way the creation of new economic entities destroy the existing order in the manner first sketched by Schumpeter (1938). We examine firm size distributions for every year from 1955 to 1994 for the top 100 firms listed in the Fortune 500. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:01:16Z CASA Working Paper 111 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-111 The UK Geography of the E-Society: A National Classification It is simplistic to think of the impacts of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) in terms of a single, or even small number of, 'digital divides'. As developments in what has been termed the 'e-society' reach wider and more generalised audiences, so it becomes appropriate to think of digital media as having wider-ranging but differentiated impacts upon consumer transactions, information gathering and citizen participation. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T02:00:34Z CASA Working Paper 110 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-110 Principles and Concepts of Agent-Based Modelling for Developing Geospatial Simulations The aim of this paper is to outline fundamental concepts and principles of the Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) paradigm, with particular reference to the development of geospatial simulations. The paper begins with a brief definition of modelling, followed by a classification of model types, and a comment regarding a shift (in certain circumstances) towards modelling systems at the individual-level. In particular, automata approaches (e.g. Cellular Automata, CA, and ABM) have been particularly popular, with ABM moving to the fore. A definition of agents and agent-based models is given; identifying their advantages and disadvantages, especially in relation to geospatial modelling. The potential use of agent-based models is discussed, and how-to instructions for developing an agent-based model are provided. Types of simulation / modelling systems available for ABM are defined, supplemented with criteria to consider before choosing a particular system for a modelling endeavour. Information pertaining to a selection of simulation / modelling systems (Swarm, MASON, Repast, StarLogo, NetLogo, OBEUS, AgentSheets and AnyLogic) is provided, categorised by their licensing policy (open source, shareware / freeware and proprietary systems). The evaluation (i.e. verification, calibration, validation and analysis) of agent-based models and their output is examined, and noteworthy applications are discussed. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:59:51Z CASA Working Paper 109 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-109 Exploring cities using agent-based models and GIS Cities are faced with many problems such as urban sprawl, congestion, and segregation. They are also constantly changing. Computer modelling is becoming an increasingly important tool when examining how cities operate. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:59:30Z CASA Working Paper 108 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-108 Developing a Prototype Agent-Based Pedestrian Evacuation Model to Explore the Evacuation of King's Cross St Pancras Underground Station London's King's Cross St. Pancras underground station has been the unfortunate location of two major incidents within the last twenty years. A fire in November 1987 and the terrorist bombing in July 2005 both resulted in the loss of lives, and the injury of many people. The implementation of measures to mitigate or neutralise the effect of all possible future incidents at this site is unrealistic. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:58:51Z CASA Working Paper 107 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-107 Beyond statistical testing: Individual differences and the content and accuracy of mental representations of space The article uses data from two experiments on the content and accuracy of mental representations of space by the blind and visually impaired in order expose some of the shortcomings of typical statistical testing and propose an individual differences approach to the analysis of data. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:58:17Z CASA Working Paper 106 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-106 WePWEP: Web-based Participatory Wind Energy Planning [2] This document results from an effort to compile and make available to the wider public information on wind energy developments in the County of Norfolk. It has been prepared in the frame of a PhD research project, which aim is to develop and test a learning-enhancing website to involve the public spatial planning. The application focused is the strategic planning of wind farms location. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:57:41Z CASA Working Paper 105 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-105 WePWEP: Web-based Participatory Wind Energy Planning [1] This document has been prepared in the frame of a PhD research project, which aim is to develop and test a learning-enhancing website design to involve the public in spatial planning. The application focused is the strategic planning of wind farms location. The website developed is named WePWEP - Web-based Participatory Wind Energy Planning and is available at hppt://ernie.ge.ucl.ac.uk:8080/WePWEP/. Being the purpose of the website to contribute to learning and engage the public in the strategic planning of wind farms, it provides some background information on wind energy and wind farm siting. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:56:57Z CASA Working Paper 104 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-104 Assessing the geographic dimensions of London's innovation networks A wide range of authors have highlighted the potential benefits for innovation that may arise from effective networking between organisations along and across the supply-chain. As many organisations have downsized or out-sourced basic research activities Universities have an increasingly important role within such networks. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:56:39Z CASA Working Paper 103 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-103 Mapping European Research Networks This paper proposes a framework for measuring the performance and mapping the geography of the European Research Area (ERA) based on the analysis of existing research and knowledge networks. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:56:16Z CASA Working Paper 102 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-102 Policy networks: conceptual developments and their European applications Discussions on policy networks are becoming increasingly common in the analysis of public policy. However nowhere is to be found a common understanding of what policy networks are and how they operate. Little agreement exists even on whether policy networks are to be considered as a metaphor, a method or a proper theory with explanatory power. The paper will explore how the policy network approach has been developed to describe and explain the complexity of new forms of decision-making and policy implementation and their implications for democracy and effectiveness of the political system. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:55:49Z CASA Working Paper 101 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-101 Mapping London's innovation networks A wide range of authors have highlighted the potential benefits for entrepreneurial companies that engage in effective networking along and across the supply-chain. As many organisations have downsized or out-sourced basic research activities Universities have an increasingly important role within such networks. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:55:25Z CASA Working Paper 100 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-100 Proceedings of the ECCS 2005 Satellite Workshop: Embracing Complexity in Design - Paris 17 November 2005 Embracing complexity in design is one of the critical issues and challenges of the 21st century. As the realization grows that design activities and artefacts display properties associated with complex adaptive systems, so grows the need to use complexity concepts and methods to understand these properties and inform the design of better artifacts. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:55:10Z CASA Working Paper 99 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-99 Classifying pupils by where they live : how well does this predict variations in their GCSE results? Classifying consumers according to the type of neighbourhood in which they live is now standard practice among most of Britain's successful consumer facing organisations. In recent years these 'geodemographic' classifications have become increasingly used in public sector applications. Their use has made it possible not just to gain a clearer understanding of the level of inequalities that exist between different types of neighbourhood but also to understand which policy interventions are likely to be most successful in different localities throughout the country. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:54:49Z CASA Working Paper 98 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-98 Imagining the Recursive City: Explorations in Urban Simulacra Cities are microcosms of societies, worlds within worlds, which repeat themselves at different spatial scales and over different time horizons. In this essay, we argue that such recursion is taken to an entirely new level in the digital age where we can represent cities numerically, embed them within computers, scale and distort their representations so that we can embed them within one another, even believing them to be 'computers' in their own right. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:54:29Z CASA Working Paper 97 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-97 Enhancing urban analysis through lacunarity multiscale measurement Urban spatial configurations in most part of the developing countries show particular urban forms associated with the more informal urban development of these areas. Latin American cities are prime examples of this sort, but investigation of these urban forms using up to date computational and analytical techniques are still scarce. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:54:05Z CASA Working Paper 96 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-96 Spatial variations in road collision propensities in London Propensity to be involved in a road traffic collision in Greater London is likely to depend on many factors, including personal mobility, lifestyle, behaviour, neighbourhood characteristics and environment. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:53:47Z CASA Working Paper 95 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-95 Simulating Emergent Urban Form: Desakota in China We propose that the emergent phenomenon know as 'desakota', the rapid urbanization of densely populated rural populations in the newly developed world, particularly China, can be simulated using agent-based models which combine both local and global features. We argue that deskota represents a surprising and unusual form of urbanization wellmatched to processes of land development that are driven from the bottom up but moderated by the higher-level macro economy. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:53:32Z CASA Working Paper 94 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-94 Information Maps: Tools for Document Exploration So much has already been written about everything that you can't find out anything about it. - James Thurber (1961) Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:53:01Z CASA Working Paper 93 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-93 Spatial representation and low vision: Two studies on the content, accuracy and utility of mental representations The paper reports on two studies being conducted with students from Dorton College - Royal London Society for the Blind (RLSB) in Kent. The first experiment will examine the content and accuracy of mental representations of a well-known environment. Students will walk a route around the college campus and learn the position of ten buildings or structures. They will then be asked to make heading judgments, estimate distances, complete a spatial cued model and sequentially visit a series of locations. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:52:36Z CASA Working Paper 92 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-92 The ethics of forgetting in an age of pervasive computing In this paper, we examine the potential of pervasive computing to create widespread sousveillance, that will complement surveillance, through the development of lifelogs; socio-spatial archives that document every action, every event, every conversation, and every material expression of an individual's life. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:52:19Z CASA Working Paper 91 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-91 Tracking retail trends in London -- Linking the 1971 Census of Distribution to ODPM's new town centre statistical series --A revised report Retailing is highly significant to London's employment, economy, tourism and inward investment. The London Retail Sales Monitor, published by London Retail Consortium with KPMG, estimated that more than 356,000 people were employed in retail in the capital in September 2003 (http://www.brc.org.uk/lrc). This represented around 9% of the total workforce. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:52:02Z CASA Working Paper 90 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-90 Neighbourhood Inequalities in the Patterns of Hospital Admissions and their Application to the Targeting of Health Promotion Campaigns For many years indicators of deprivation have played a pivotal role in the process whereby government assesses the relative level of resources require to meet local health needs. The formulae that have been developed for this purpose recognise that the local level of need for health resources varies among different population groups, such as the elderly or people with young children. The formulae also recognise the strength of the relationship between health and deprivation. Over a hundred years ago public health officials first recognised differences in the rates of mortality among different occupations. Likewise today's funding formulae recognise the especial needs of local areas with high proportions of particularly deprived groups such as overcrowded households, persons without access to a car or people who are unemployed. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:51:45Z CASA Working Paper 89 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-89 Central Place Theory and Geodemographics - The application of Central Place rank values to Zones of Residence This paper is one of a series of research papers which form part of an ESRC funded research project on -The Quantitative Analysis of Family Names'. The purpose of this project is to assess the contribution that information on the geographic distribution of family names can make to the study of historic migration patterns within local areas of Great Britain. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:51:18Z CASA Working Paper 88 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-88 Neighbourhood Segregation and Social Mobility among the descendants of Middlesbrough's 19th century Celtic Immigrants This paper is one of a series of research papers which form part of an ESRC funded research project on 'The Quantitative Analysis of Family Names'. The purpose of this project is to assess the contribution that information on the geographic distribution of family names can make to the study of historic migration patterns within local areas of Great Britain. The particular focus of this paper is Middlesbrough and East Cleveland, to which economic migrants were drawn in large numbers from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall as well as from the North East of England during its rapid nineteenth century industrialisation. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:51:03Z CASA Working Paper 87 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-87 Assessing Texture Pattern in Slum Across Scales An Unsupervised Approach According to the Global Report on Human Settlements (United Nations, 2003), almost 1 billion people (32% of the world's population) live in squatter settlements or slums. Recently, the perception of these settlements has changed, from harmful tumours which would spread around sickly and unhealthy cities, to a new perspective that interpret them as social expressions of more complex urban dynamics. However, considering a report from UNCHS - United Nations Center for Human Settlements, in relation to illegal and disordered urbanisation issue, some of the main challenges faced by cities are related to mapping and registering geographic information and social data spatial analysis. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:50:45Z CASA Working Paper 86 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-86 Demographic and Deprivation Ratios: examples of their use in understanding underlying spatial patterns in social phenomena The intention of this paper is to explore the concept of standardized demographic or deprivation Ratios - what they are, why they might be useful, for what statistical distributions they can be built, how they can be constructed and which research activities and policy areas they might inform. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:50:28Z CASA Working Paper 85 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-85 Hierarchy in Cities and City Systems Hierarchy is implicit in the very term city. Cities grow from hamlets and villages into small towns and thence into larger forms such as 'metropolis', 'megalopolis' and world cities which are 'gigalopolis'. In one sense, all urban agglomerations are referred to generically as cities but this sequence of city size from the smallest identifiable urban units to the largest contains an implicit hierarchy in which there are many more smaller cities than larger ones. This organisation approximately scales in a regular but simple manner, city sizes following a rank-size rule whose explanation is both mysterious and obvious. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:50:14Z CASA Working Paper 84 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-84 The relative power of geodemographics vis a vis person and household level demographic variables as discriminators of consumer behaviour Geodemographics is a field of study which involves the classification of consumers according to the type of neighbourhood in which they live. As a method of segmenting consumers it has long been of value to direct marketers who, being often unable to identify the age, marital status or occupational status of people in mailing lists, found it a useful means of applying selectivity to their mail shots. By analysing the behavioural characteristics of consumers in different types of neighbourhoods they found they could improve business performance by targeting promotional activities to names and addresses falling within specific types of postcode. From direct marketing the application of geodemographics spread to the targeting of door to door distribution and customer communications and to the retail industry where it was found to be useful input into the process of deciding where to site new outlets. Government is increasingly using such methods to improve the targeting of its own communications to tailor local service delivery to the particular needs of local communities. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:49:56Z CASA Working Paper 83 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-83 Net:Geography Fieldwork Frequently Asked Questions Q. What is the Net:Geography FAQ about? Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:49:35Z CASA Working Paper 82 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-82 Codes of Life: Identification Codes and the Machine-Readable World In this paper we present a detailed examine of identification codes, their embeddedness in everyday life, and how recent trends are qualitatively altering their nature and power. Developing a Foucaultian analysis we argue that identification codes are key components of governmentality and capitalism. They provide a means of representing, collating, sorting, categorising, matching, profiling, regulating; of generating information, knowledge and control through processes of abstraction, computation, modelling and classification. Identification codes now provide a means of unique addressing all the entities and processes that make up everyday life - people, material objects, information, transactions and territories. Moreover, they provide a means of linking these entities and processes together in complex ways to form dense rhizomic assemblages of power/knowledge. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:49:15Z CASA Working Paper 81 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-81 Code, space and everyday life In this paper we examine the role of code (software) in the spatial formation of collective life. Taking the view that human life and coded technology are folded into one another, we theorise space as ontogenesis. Space, we posit, is constantly being bought into being through a process of transduction - the constant making anew of a domain in reiterative and transformative practices - as an incomplete solution to a relational problem. The relational problem we examine is the ongoing encounter between individuals and environment where the solution, to a greater or lesser extent, is code. Code, we posit, is diversely embedded in collectives as coded objects, coded infrastructure, coded processes and coded assemblages. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:49:00Z CASA Working Paper 80 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-80 Distance in Space Syntax We explore ways of introducing Euclidean distances associated with street systems represented by axial lines into the two connectivity graphs based on points (or street junctions), and on lines (or streets), the so-called dual and primal representations of the space syntax problem. As the axial line is embedded in the connectivity graph between the points, for the dual problem the specification of Euclidean distance between points is relatively trivial but for the original syntax problem, this is problematic in that it requires us to find a unique point representation for each line. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:48:46Z CASA Working Paper 79 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-79 Visualization in Spatial Modeling This paper deals with issues arising from a central theme in contemporary computer modeling - visualization. We first tie visualization to varieties of modeling along the continuum from iconic to symbolic and then focus on the notion that our models are so intrinsically complex that there are many different types of visualization that might be developed in their understanding and implementation. This focuses the debate on the very way of 'doing science' in that patterns and processes of any complexity can be better understood through visualizing the data, the simulations, and the outcomes that such models generate. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:48:30Z CASA Working Paper 78 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-78 Determining Sustainable Development Density using the Urban Carrying Capacity Assessment System Diverse urban problems in the capital region of Korea occur due to over-development and over-concentration which exceed the region's carrying capacity. Particularly, environmental problems such as air and water pollution have become more evident and become central issues for urban planners and decision-makers. In achieving sustainable environment through resolving such problems, practical approaches to incorporate the concept of environmental sustainability into managing urban development are needed. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:48:14Z CASA Working Paper 77 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-77 Spatial Ability, Urban Wayfinding and Location-Based Services: a review and first results Location-Based Services (LBS) are a new industry at the core of which are GIS and spatial databases. With increasing mobility of individuals, the anticipated availability of broadband communications for mobile devices and growing volumes of location specific information available in databases there will inevitably be an increase in demand for services providing location related information to people on the move. New Information and Communication Technologies (NICTs) are providing enhanced possibilities for navigating 'smart cities'. Urban environments, meanwhile, have increasing spatial complexity. Navigating urban environments is becoming an important issue. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:47:57Z CASA Working Paper 76 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-76 Design and anticipation: towards an organisational view of design systems Although the first attempts to establish a systematic way of studying, teaching and practicing design go back to the 1960s (Asimov 1962; Alexander 1963; Archer 1965), we are today just as far from agreeing on a definition of design science, let alone a definition of design itself. And although we will be discussing here the concept of anticipation and its 'repercussions' for the understanding and development of design systems, we will find that this paper is about anticipation as it is about scientific explanation. This is because the concept of anticipation couples with a special kind of scientific enquiry and explanation: an approach to science which takes the view that complex realities (or systems) can be better understood by studying their organisational principles, rather than building descriptions of their structural components. Research in various fields such as systems theory, cybernetics, information theory, artificial intelligence, physics, biology, and complexity science, gave birth to concepts (such as entropy, complexity and requisite variety) that marked this transition from observations of the state space of a system, to the examination of the system itself in terms of its functional components and their relations (Rashevsky 1954; Thóm 1972; Rosen 1991). In parallel, the concept of anticipation has also emerged as an alternative type of causality or reasoning which seeks to replace the reactive, cause-and-effect, Newtonian universe with a proactive one, according to which anticipated future states of a system can affect its current states (final cause explanations) (Rosen 1985; Dubois and Resconi 1992; Glaserfeld 1998). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:47:38Z CASA Working Paper 75 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-75 A New Theory of Space Syntax Relations between different components of urban structure are often measured in a literal manner, along streets for example, the usual representation being routes between junctions which form the nodes of an equivalent planar graph. A popular variant on this theme - space syntax - treats these routes as streets containing one or more junctions, with the equivalent graph representation being more abstract, based on relations between the streets which themselves are treated as nodes. In this paper, we articulate space syntax as a specific case of relations between any two sets, in this case, streets and their junctions, from which we derive two related representations. The first or primal problem is traditional space syntax based on relations between streets through their junctions; the second or dual problem is the more usual morphological representation of relations between junctions through their streets. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:47:23Z CASA Working Paper 74 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-74 A State of the Art Review of Geodemographics and their Applicability to the Higher Education Market Paralleling a shift from Fordist to Post Fordist methods of production, the importance of knowing who, and more importantly where your customers are has arisen as an integral part of the micro marketing machine. Goss (1995:132) discusses that this is 'essential for companies to be able to plan both tactically and strategically with regards to customers' needs and competitive threats', and it is these core functions of the geodemographic information system that are of growing importance to the public sector. The Higher Education market in the UK is populated by a diverse range of institutions; distinctive by history, culture, courses offered and reputation. More students now attend these institutions than at any point in history, however there has been great debate over the extent to which this access is as available to students from 'disadvantaged' backgrounds. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:47:06Z CASA Working Paper 73 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-73 Automatic Extraction of Hierarchical Urban Networks: A Microspatial Approach We present an image processing technique for the identification of 'axial lines' from ridges in isovist fields first proposed by Rana. These ridges are formed from the maximum diametric lengths of the individual isovists, sometimes called viewsheds, that make up the isovist fields. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:46:47Z CASA Working Paper 72 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-72 Cities: Continuity, Transformation, and Emergence Cities can be regarded as the quintessential example of complexity. Insofar as we can define a hidden hand determining their morphology, this is based on the glue that stitches together the actions of individuals and organizations who build the city from the ground-up, so-to-speak. When general systems theory entered the lexicon of science in the mid- 20th century, cities were regarded as being excellent examples of systems with interactions between basic elements that demonstrated the slogan of the field: the 'whole is greater than the sum of the parts'. Since then, as complexity theory has evolved to embrace systems theory and as temporal dynamics has come onto the agenda, cities once again have been used to illustrate basic themes: global organization from local action, emergent morphology from simple spatial decision, temporal order at global levels from volatile, seemingly random change at the level of individual decision-making, evolution and progress through coevolution, competition, and endless variety. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:46:32Z CASA Working Paper 71 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-71 Representing Multifunctional Cities: Density and Diversity in Space and Time In this paper, we define measures of urban diversity, density and segregation using new data and software systems based on GIS. These allow us to visualise the meaning of the multifunctional city. We begin with a discussion of how cities have become more segregated in their land uses and activities during the last 200 years and how the current focus is on reversing this trend through limiting urban sprawl and bringing new life back to the inner and central city. We define various indices which show how diversity and density manifest themselves spatially. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:46:16Z CASA Working Paper 70 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-70 Traffic, Urban Growth and Suburban Sprawl Populations are barely reproducing themselves and migration from the countryside to the town has slowed to a trickle, the demand for more living space shows no sign of abating as cities continue to expand their borders through suburban sprawl. The automobile, of course, makes this possible but we show no signs of moving to other forms of transport that might enable our cities to become a little more compact. The problems of sprawl are pervasive. Besides congestion, time wasted, and the long term costs of using non-renewable energy, the lack of good social infrastructure in rapidly growing suburban areas together with the erosion of agricultural land, often of high environmental quality, has focused the debate on whether or not such forms of development are sustainable. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:46:02Z CASA Working Paper 69 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-69 A Rigorous Definition of Axial Lines: Ridges on Isovist Fields We suggest that 'axial lines' defined by (Hillier and Hanson, 1984) as lines of uninterrupted movement within urban streetscapes or buildings, appear as ridges in isovist fields (Benedikt, 1979) as Rana first proposed (Rana, 2002). These are formed from the maximum diametric lengths of the individual isovists, sometimes called viewsheds, that make up these fields (Batty and Rana, 2004). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:45:35Z CASA Working Paper 68 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-68 Integrated Urban Evolutionary Modeling Cellular automata models have proved rather popular as frameworks for simulating the physical growth of cities. Yet their brief history has been marked by a lack of application to real policy contexts, notwithstanding their obvious relevance to topical problems such as urban sprawl. Traditional urban models which emphasize transportation and demography continue to prevail despite their limitations in simulating realistic urban dynamics. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:45:20Z CASA Working Paper 67 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-67 Review of Current Practices in Recording Road Traffic Incident Data: With Specific Reference to Spatial Analysis and Road Policing Policy Errors within height models have, in the past, been communicated in terms of global measures of accuracy for the model. Such quantification ignores the spatial structure of errors across the surface, hindering subsequent analysis. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:45:02Z CASA Working Paper 66 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-66 Interpreting Interpolation:The Pattern of Interpolation Errors in Digital Surface Models Derived from Laser Scanning Data Errors within height models have, in the past, been communicated in terms of global measures of accuracy for the model. Such quantification ignores the spatial structure of errors across the surface, hindering subsequent analysis. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:44:47Z CASA Working Paper 65 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-65 Agents, Cells and Cities: New Representational Models for Simulating Multi-Scale Urban Dynamics New forms of representation at a fine spatial scale, where units of space are conceived as cells and populations as individual agents, are currently changing the way we are able to simulate the evolution of cities and related systems. In this paper, we review progress to date in this field. We show how these new approaches are consistent with traditional urban models that have gone before with the emphasis no longer being on spatial interaction but on the dynamics of development and local movement. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:44:26Z CASA Working Paper 64 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-64 The Emergence of Cities: Complexity and Urban Dynamics This paper presents an approach to urban dynamics that generalizes the traditional rank-size model first popularized by Zipf (1949). It argues that we need to define the rate at which new cities emerge and old cities disappear within the apparent macro stability posed by Zipf's Law. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:44:12Z CASA Working Paper 63 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-63 Network Geography: Relations, Interactions, Scaling and Spatial Processes in GIS This chapter argues that the representational basis of GIS largely avoids even the most rudimentary distortions of Euclidean space as reflected, for example, in the notion of the network. Processes acting on networks which involve both short and longer term dynamics are often absent from GI science. However a sea change is taking place in the way we view the geography of natural and man-made systems. This is emphasising their dynamics and the way they evolve from the bottom up, with networks an essential constituent of this decentralized paradigm. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:43:56Z CASA Working Paper 62 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-62 Pedestrian Demand Modelling of Large Cities: An Applied Example from London This paper introduces a methodology for the development of city wide pedestrian demand models and shows its application to London. The approach used for modelling is Multiple Regression Analysis of independent variables against the dependent variable of observed pedestrian flows. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:43:40Z CASA Working Paper 61 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-61 Agent-Based Pedestrian Modelling When the focus of interest in geographical systems is at the very fine scale, at the level of streets and buildings for example, movement becomes central to simulations of how spatial activities are used and develop. Recent advances in computing power and the acquisition of fine scale digital data now mean that we are able to attempt to understand and predict such phenomena with the focus in spatial modelling changing to dynamic simulations of the individual and collective behaviour of individual decision-making at such scales. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:43:01Z CASA Working Paper 60 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-60 Online Participation: The Woodberry Down Experiment The internet and world wide web are generating radical changes in the way we are able to communicate. Our ability to engage communities and individuals in designing their environment is also beginning to change as new digital media provide ways in which individuals and groups can interact with planners and politicians in exploring their future. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:42:18Z CASA Working Paper 59 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-59 Techniques for augmenting the visualisation of dynamic raster surfaces Despite their aesthetic appeal and condensed nature, dynamic raster surface representations such as a temporal series of a landform and an attribute series of a socio-economic attribute of an area, are often criticised for the lack of an effective information delivery and interactivity. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:42:04Z CASA Working Paper 58 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-58 Reformulating Space Syntax: The Automatic Definition and Generation of Axial Lines and Axial Maps Space syntax is a technique for measuring the relative accessibility of different locations in a spatial system which has been loosely partitioned into convex spaces. These spaces are approximated by straight lines, called axial lines, and the topological graph associated with their intersection is used to generate indices of distance, called integration, which are then used as proxies for accessibility. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:41:49Z CASA Working Paper 57 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-57 Delivering light-weight online geographic information analysis using ArcIMS As of July 9, 2002, more than 300 websites, which provide automated mapping and facilities management over the internet, are registered in the ESRI Internet Map Server (IMS) user registry [1]. But it won't be an exaggeration to assume that this is only a tiny fraction of the actual number of IMS sold and used over the world. In fact, realising the potential scope and issues of this new form of geographic information delivery, the International Cartographic Association has formed a Commission dedicated to Maps and the Internet [2]. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:41:31Z CASA Working Paper 56 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-56 The Discrete Dynamics of Small-Scale Spatial Events: Agent-Based Models of Mobility in Carnivals and Street Parades Small-scale spatial events are situations in which elements or objects vary in such a way that temporal dynamics is intrinsic to their representation and explanation. Some of the clearest examples involve local movement from conventional traffic modeling to disaster evacuation where congestion, crowding, panic, and related safety issue are key features of such events. We propose that such events can be simulated using new variants of pedestrian model, which embody ideas about how behavior emerges from the accumulated interactions between small-scale objects. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:41:09Z CASA Working Paper 55 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-55 City of Slums: self-organisation across scales The city is certainly a fine example of a complex system, where the parts can only be understood through the whole, and the whole is more than the simple sum of the parts. In the present paper we explore the idea that some of these parts are themselves complex systems and the interrelation between complex subsystems with the overall system is a necessary issue to the understanding of the urban complex system. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:40:54Z CASA Working Paper 50 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-50 The Impact and Penetration of Location-Based Services The Ordnance Survey, the National Mapping Agency (NMA) for Great Britain, has recently begun to research the possible extension of its 2-dimensional geographic information into a multi-dimensional environment. Such a move creates a number of data creation and storage issues which the NMA must consider. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:40:38Z CASA Working Paper 49 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-49 Multi-dimensional Modelling for the National Mapping Agency: A Discussion of Initial Ideas, Considerations, and Challenges The Ordnance Survey, the National Mapping Agency (NMA) for Great Britain, has recently begun to research the possible extension of its 2-dimensional geographic information into a multi-dimensional environment. Such a move creates a number of data creation and storage issues which the NMA must consider. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:40:16Z CASA Working Paper 48 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-48 Designing plans: a control based coordination model In this paper we discuss artificial plan designing as a research field that deals with the development and use of computational models to support the generation of design descriptions in architecture and urban planning. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:40:03Z CASA Working Paper 47 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-47 Unearthing the Roots of Urban Sprawl: A Critical Analysis of Form, Function and Methodology Urban sprawl is one of the key issues facing cities today. There is a large volume of literature on the topic but despite this there is little agreement as to its characteristics and effects. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:39:49Z CASA Working Paper 46 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-46 Summary of Coral Cay Conservation's Habitat Mapping Data from Utila, Honduras The coral reefs of Honduras are of vital national and international importance, both ecologically and economically, but are threatened because of rapid economic and population growth. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:39:36Z CASA Working Paper 45 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-45 Usability Testing for improving interactive Geovisualization techniques Usability describes a product's fitness for use according to a set of predefined criteria. Whatever the aim of the product, it should facilitate users' tasks or enhance their performance by providing appropriate analysis tools. In both cases, the main interest is to satisfy users in terms of providing relevant functionality which they find fit for purpose. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:39:22Z CASA Working Paper 44 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-44 Optimising visibility analyses using topographic features on the terrain The advantages of using the fundamental topographic features of a surface namely the peaks, pits, passes, ridges and channels as the observers (viewpoints) in visibility computation is presented. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:39:02Z CASA Working Paper 43 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-43 Surface Networks The desire to understand and exploit the structure of continuous surfaces is common to researchers in a range of disciplines. Few examples of the varied surfaces forming an integral part of modern subjects include terrain, population density, surface atmospheric pressure, physicochemical surfaces, computer graphics, and metrological surfaces. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:38:48Z CASA Working Paper 42 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-42 Empiricism and Stochastics in Cellular Automaton Modeling of Urban Land Use Dynamics An increasing number of models for predicting land use change in regions of rapid urbanization are being proposed and built using ideas from cellular automata (CA) theory. Calibrating such models to real situations is highly problematic and to date, serious attention has not been focused on the estimation problem. In this paper, we propose a structure for simulating urban change based on estimating land use transitions using elementary probabilistic methods which draw their inspiration from Bayes' theory and the related 'weights of evidence' approach. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:38:31Z CASA Working Paper 41 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-41 Spatial Clustering Method for Geographic Data In the process of visualizing quantitative spatial data, it is necessary to classify attribute values into some class divisions. In a previous paper, the author proposed a classification method for minimizing the loss of information contained in original data. This method can be considered as a kind of smoothing method that neglects the characteristics of spatial distribution. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:38:18Z CASA Working Paper 40 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-40 Classification Methods for Spatial Data Representation It is necessary to classify numerical values of spatial data when representing them on a map and visually understanding it. In consequence, loss of information from original data is inevitable in the process of this classification. A gate loss of information might lead to a misunderstanding of the nature of original data. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:37:53Z CASA Working Paper 39 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-39 Examining Different Approaches to Mapping Internet Infrastructure Over the last decade or so there has been a phenomenal growth in the use and diversity of information and communications technologies (ICTs), with the rise of Internet being of particular note. Current estimates, as of autumn 2001, are that 513 million people from around the world use the Internet for all manner of personal and business communications (Nua 2001). Concomitant to this growth, there has been a multi-billion dollar investment in vast assemblages of powerful computer servers and the infrastructure necessary to support current and projected demand in information processing and exchange, including long haul fibre-optic backbones networks to link countries and metropolitan cores, high-speed routers and switches, and ‘last-mile’ DSL and cable connections (see OECD 2001, TeleGeography 2001 for current statistics). This strategic investment is designed to garner market share in the rapidly expanding information economy (worth a reported $775.6 billion in the US alone in 1999; US Census, Service Annual Survey 1999 1 ). Understanding the development and growth of ICTs, the myriad of their social, economic, and political consequences, as well as the practical tasks of planning infrastructure deployment, however, is no easy task. In this chapter, we argue that one useful strategy for analyzing and comprehending the Internet is the application of concepts and techniques from cartography and geographic visualization. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:37:36Z CASA Working Paper 38 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-38 Conceptual Models of Urban Environmental Information Systems - Toward Improved Information Provision. Cities are the hub of European society - for over a millennium, they are the locus of social, political and economic development. As the core of intensive and creative human activity, they are also the place where the environmental externalities that accompany rapid development are most visible. The environmental consequences of urban development have been recognised long ago, as in the case of London, where in 1388 legislation was introduced to control pollutant emissions (Lowenthal, 1990). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:37:17Z CASA Working Paper 37 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-37 Urban Modelling as Storytelling: Using Simulation Models as a Narrative This article examines the distinctions between empirical and simulation models using the metaphors of argument and narrative. It argues that all argumentation is contextualized within a narrative that is either inferred or communicated. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:36:47Z CASA Working Paper 36 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-36 Modeling Complexity: The Limits to Prediction A working definition of a complex system is of an entity which is coherent in some recognizable way but whose elements, interactions, and dynamics generate structures admitting surprise and novelty which cannot be defined a priori. Complex systems are therefore more than the sum of their parts, and a consequence of this is that any model of their structure is necessarily incomplete and partial. Models represent simplifications of a system in which salient parts and processes are simulated and given this definition, many models will exist of any particular complex system. In this paper, we explore the impact of complexity in validating models of such systems. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:36:27Z CASA Working Paper 35 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-35 Information Rich 3D Computer Modeling of Urban Environments We are living in an increasingly information rich society. Geographical Information Systems now allow us to precisely tag information to specific features, objects and locations. The Internet is enabling much of this information to be accessed by a whole spectrum of users. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:36:12Z CASA Working Paper 33 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-33 Agents with dycotomic goals which generate a rank-size distribution Many explanations have been proposed for the rank-size rule or power law in city size distribution based on a probabilistic process. These explanations are usually opposed to that proposed by Zipf who explained the rank-size rule as the result of the application of the principle of least effort. In his opinion, by using this principle, it is possible to find an equilibrium between the two opposite forces of diversification and of unification. In fact, because the main components of the system are resources, people and products, the first force brings people near to resources, and the latter brings products near to people. Even these notions are simple, and are accepted in the spatial economic field it is not clear how a rank-size rule can be derived from it. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:35:58Z CASA Working Paper 32 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-32 Can Geocomputation Save Urban Simulation? Throw some agents into the mixture, simmer and wait ... There are indications that the current generation of simulation models in practical, operational uses has reached the limits of its usefulness under existing specifications. The relative stasis in operational urban modeling contrasts with simulation efforts in other disciplines, where techniques, theories, and ideas drawn from computation and complexity studies are revitalizing the ways in which we conceptualize, understand, and model real-world phenomena. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:35:44Z CASA Working Paper 31 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-31 Visual and Interactive Exploration of Point Data Point data, such as Unit Postcodes (UPC), can provide very detailed information at fine scales of resolution. For instance, socio-economic attributes are commonly assigned to UPC. Hence, they can be represented as points and observable at the postcode level. Using UPC as a common field allows the concatenation of variables from disparate data sources that can potentially support sophisticated spatial analysis. However, visualising UPC in urban areas has at least three limitations. First, at small scales UPC occurrences can be very dense making their visualisation as points difficult. On the other hand, patterns in the associated attribute values are often hardly recognisable at large scales. Secondly, UPC can be used as a common field to allow the concatenation of highly multivariate data sets with an associated postcode. Finally, socio-economic variables assigned to UPC (such as the ones used here) can be non-Normal in their distributions as a result of a large presence of zero values and high variances which constrain their analysis using traditional statistics. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:35:27Z CASA Working Paper 30 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-30 The Geometry of Slums: boundaries, packing and diversity The geometry of squatter settlements on the northeastern coast of Brazil is examined and compared to settlements in the central region of Kenya. In particular, fragmented structures, often squatter settlements composed of islands of dwelling or habitations in these settlements, and void areas which are unoccupied regions between dwellings, are studied. We find that such settlements, when constrained by urban and natural boundaries, present robust configurational patterns, which we can express best by statistical distributions with the scaling properties. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:35:04Z CASA Working Paper 29 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-29 A Virtual Exploration of the Lost Labyrinth: Developing a Reconstructive Model of Hawara Labyrinth Pyramid Complex This paper reports on a case study that explores the possibility of reproducing a destroyed historic site from its remaining artefacts. Using VR (virtual reality) technologies, we construct a series of low-end, 3D models that are navigable through the Web. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:34:48Z CASA Working Paper 28 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-28 How Cellular Models of Urban Systems Work (1. Theory) Cellular automata (CA) models have been applied to urban systems with a recent fervor and have used to explore research questions in applications from location to urban morphology. This paper (part 1 of a two-part series) is intended to serve as an introduction to how cellular models of urban system actually work, on a theoretical level. Part 2 focuses on how to build urban CA models in a practical context. This paper begins by tracing the intellectual roots of urban CA in complexity (section 2) and computer science (section 3). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:34:34Z CASA Working Paper 27 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-27 Measuring Sprawl Suburban sprawl is one of the most avidly followed urban issues in the United States today. However, despite the level of attention that is afforded sprawl, their remains relatively little understanding of its determinants and its constitution. Previous attempts to measure sprawl have focused largely on costing out its impacts rather than quantifying its characteristics. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:34:21Z CASA Working Paper 26 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-26 Visualizing the City: Communicating Urban Design to Planners and Decision-Makers There are now a wide array of new digital tools that are able to support the generic activity of planning and design. In urban design, these tools support different stages of the planning process which involve rapid and effective storage and retrieval of information, various kinds of visualization which inform survey and analysis as well as design itself, and different strategies for communicating information and plans to various publics from design professionals to the affected community. In this paper, we begin by noting the activities that such digital tools can support, emphasizing methods of visualization, and specifically focusing on integrated 2d mapping and 3d block modeling. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:34:06Z CASA Working Paper 25 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-25 Weighted and metric surface networks - new insights and an interactive application for their generalisation in TCL/TK The idea of characterising the different forms of natural topographic surfaces by a topological model based on their fundamental surface features has attracted many proposals. In this paper, a detailed discussion and new proposals on various issues related to the concept, generation, and visualisation of two graph theoretic based surface topology data structures - Weighted Surface Networks and their improved version, Metric Surface Networks - are presented. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:33:53Z CASA Working Paper 24 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-24 Experiments on the generalisation and visualisation of surface networks Parameterisation of a topographic surface into a framework of fundamental points and lines is a prominent research topic in geographic information science. Metric Surface Network also called Pfaltz's graph or surface network is an example of such a framework. Surface Network is a graph topological data structure and pits, passes, peaks are its three sets of vertices while ridges (lines from passes to peaks) and channels (lines from pits to passes) make up the edge set. Each point and line is assigned a weight, which indicates their importance in the surface. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:33:39Z CASA Working Paper 23 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-23 Angular Analysis: a method for the quantification of space This paper presents a method for the quantification of a spatial layout for the purposes of prediction of movement through or occupancy of the space. We call this method the 'angular analysis' of the space. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:33:22Z CASA Working Paper 22 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-22 Cellular Models of Urban Systems Cellular automaton (CA) based models are increasingly used to investigate cities and urban systems. We discuss difficulties with this representation of human systems, and suggest that many modifications to simple CA introduced in modelling cities are responses to these problems. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:33:00Z CASA Working Paper 21 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-21 New Technologies for Urban Designers: The VENUE Project In this report, we first outline the basic idea of VENUE. This involves developing digital tools from a foundation of geographic information systems (GIS) software which we then apply to urban design, a subject area and profession which has little tradition in using such tools. Our project was to develop two types of tool, namely functional analysis based on embedding models of movement in local environments into GIS based on ideas from the field of space syntax; and secondly fashioning these ideas in a wider digital context in which the entire range of GIS technologies were brought to bear at the local scale. By local scale, we mean the representation of urban environments from about 1: 500 to around 1: 2500. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:32:46Z CASA Working Paper 20 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-20 How Land-Use-Transportation Models Work This working paper serves as an introductory reference for those studying the application of land-use-transportation models to the simulation of urban systems. The paper is by no means comprehensive, but aims to provide the reader with a foundation in the basic principles underlying land-use-transportation models and to set those principles in the context of urban management and urban studies. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:32:34Z CASA Working Paper 19 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-19 Power Law Distributions in Real and Virtual Worlds This study compares the statistical patterns of size and connectivity of the global domains (as in '.com' and '.uk') to the geographical distribution of the global population. As the development of Web sites represents the cutting edge of the new global economy, their sizes and contents are likely to reflect the distribution of population and the urban geography of the real world. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:32:21Z CASA Working Paper 18 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-18 Defining and Delineating the Central Areas of Towns for Statistical Monitoring using Continuous Surface Representatives The increasing availability of very high spatial resolution data using the unit post code as its geo-reference is making possible new kinds of urban analysis and modelling. However, at this resolution the granularity of the data used to represent urban functions makes it difficult to apply traditional analytical and modelling methods. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:32:02Z CASA Working Paper 17 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-17 Visualization in Cyber-Geography - Reconsidering cartography's concept of visualization in current usercentric cybergeographic cosmologies. This article discusses some epistemological problems of a semiotic and cybernetic character in two current scientific cosmologies in the study of geographic information systems (GIS) with special reference to the concept of visualization in modern cartography. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:31:50Z CASA Working Paper 16 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-16 A Prototype Environmental Information System for London (London Environment Online or "LEO") Current access to environmental information about London can be slow and tedious. This is because different organisations, (both private companies and public bodies) hold environmental information relating to London and rarely integrate this information. In some instances free public access to this information is not possible. In other situations, access is possible, but the information is often stored in a 'User unfriendly formaT'. This may be incomprehensibl‘E 'tabular’ data' or data that is stored in a format that requires the user to purchase specialist software before attempting to view the information. Environmental Information Systems aim to integrate and improve access to this information and provide a variety of tools and technologies to assist the management and use of environmentally related data and information. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:31:38Z CASA Working Paper 15 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-15 Dynamics of Urban Sprawl This paper introduces a framework for understanding the dynamics of urban growth, particularly the continuing problem of urban sprawl. The models we present are based on transitions from vacant land to established development. We propose that the essential mechanism of transition is analogous to the way an epidemic is generated within a susceptible population, with waves of development being generated from the conversion of available land to new development and redevelopment through the aging process. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:31:14Z CASA Working Paper 14 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-14 London's Brownfield Resource Pilot Project: The Wandle Valley Brownfields are abandoned or under-utilised areas normally within the urban core of a city. These sites are generally areas that have previously been built-on, yet have become derelict or have fallen into disrepair. Some sites may be contaminated. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:30:58Z CASA Working Paper 13 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-13 Soft Systems Methodology Analysis for Scoping in Enivironmental Impact Statement in Israel The current working paper will focus on Soft System Methodology (SSM) analysis of the process of issuing guidelines for Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) to developers in the Israeli context. The paper's goal is to make the reader familiar with the terminology and the concepts of SSM, while serving as a case study for practising SSM. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:30:46Z CASA Working Paper 12 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-12 Finding the Source of the Amazon.com: Examining the Hype of the "Earth's Biggest Bookstore" Amazon.com is an archetype of the emerging e-commerce, heralded by many as a paragon of the bright future of the Information Age. But what is the real story behind the hype? How did it come to be, how has it established such a strong brand on the Internet and beyond, how does it operate in practice, how is it trying to build a loyal community, and what might it impacts be on traditional bookshops? Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:30:21Z CASA Working Paper 11 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-11 Mapping Cyberspace: Visualising, Analysing and Exploring Virtual Worlds In the past years, with the development of computer networks such as the Internet and world wide web (WWW), cyberspace has been increasingly studied by researchers in various disciplines such as computer sciences, sociology, geography, and cartography as well. Cyberspace is mainly rooted in two computer technologies: network and virtual reality. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:30:07Z CASA Working Paper 10 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-10 Multi-Agent Simulation: New Approaches to Exploring Space-Time Dynamics Within GIS As part of the long term quest to develop more disaggregate, temporally dynamic models of spatial behaviour, micro-simulation has evolved to the point where the actions of many individuals can be computed. These multi-agent systems/simulation (MAS) models are a consequence of much better micro data, more powerful and user-friendly computer environments often based on parallel processing, and the generally recognised need in spatial science for modelling temporal process. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:29:55Z CASA Working Paper 9 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-9 STREETS: An Agent-Based Pedestrian Model In this paper we present a two stage model for investigating pedestrian behaviour in urban centres. Pedestrian movement is influenced by both configuration and the location of attractions. An examination of agent-based models shows that this new approach is well suited to integrating these aspects. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:29:43Z CASA Working Paper 8 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-8 The Geographies of Cyberspace In this I paper I explore the need for a new field of geographic enquiry called cybergeography. This is the investigation of the complex and multifaceted structure, use and experience of the online world inside global computer-communications networks, most obviously represented by the Internet and the World-Wide Web. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:29:32Z CASA Working Paper 7 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-7 From Environmental Information Systems to Environmental Informatics - Evolution and Meaning Environmental Information and Environmental Information Systems play a major role in environmental decision making. The development of these systems is tightly connected to the environmental awareness of the last three decades. This working paper is a review of the historical development and state-of-the-art of environmental information systems. It focuses on the creation, management and use of Environmental Information Systems (EISs). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:29:20Z CASA Working Paper 6 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-6 Virtual Regeneration Regenerating our increasingly polluted, worn-out urban infrastructure is becoming the singly most important challenge facing our cities. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:29:04Z CASA Working Paper 5 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-5 The Virtual Tate New methods for simulating the form of buildings using virtual reality (VR) have suddenly made it possible to link ways in which people use buildings to their geometric layout. VR opens up many different approaches to architectural simulation ranging from agent-based modelling of movement within a building to representing a building as a multi-user world. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:28:52Z CASA Working Paper 4 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-4 Local Movement: Agent-Based Models of Pedestrian Flows Modelling movement within the built environment has hitherto been focused on rather coarse spatial scales where the emphasis has been upon simulating flows of traffic between origins and destinations. Models of pedestrian movement have been sporadic, based largely on finding statistical relationships between volumes and the accessibility of streets, with no sustained efforts at improving such theories. The development of object-orientated computing and agent-based models which have followed in this wake, promise to change this picture radically. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:28:36Z CASA Working Paper 3 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-3 GIS and Urban Design Although urban planning has used computer models and information systems since the 1950s and architectural practice has recently restructured to the use of computeraided design (CAD) and computer drafting software, urban design has hardly been touched by the digital world. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:28:23Z CASA Working Paper 2 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-2 Visual Communication in Urban Planning & Urban Design This report documents the current status of visual communication in urban design and planning. Visual communication is examined through discussion of standalone and network media, specifically concentrating on visualisation on the World Wide Web (WWW). Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:28:01Z CASA Working Paper 1 http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/publications/working-paper-1 Modelling Virtual Urban Environments In this paper, we explore the way in which virtual reality (VR) systems are being broadened to encompass a wide array of virtual worlds, many of which have immediate applicability to understanding urban issues through geocomputation. We sketch distinctions between immersive, semi-immersive and remote environments in which single and multiple users interact in a variety of ways. Welcome to The Bartlett, UCL's world-leading faculty for multidisciplinary education and research for the built environment. admin Stefan Kueppers 2011-11-07T01:27:45Z